Viruses

A virus is a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of organisms. Most viruses are too small to be seen directly with a light microscope. Viruses infect all types of organisms, from animals and plants to bacteria and Archaea.

Although there are millions of different types. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most abundant type of biological entity. The study of viruses is known as virology, a sub-speciality of microbiology.

Type of Mutation

Mutations are changes that occur in genetic material (DNA or RNA), both at the level of gene sequences (point mutations) or at the level of chromosomes. Mutations at the chromosomal level are usually called aberration. Mutations in the gene may lead to the emergence of new alleles and the basis for the emergence of new variations on the species.

Several examples of mutations:
Somatic mutations are mutations in somatic cells, such as skin cells. These mutations are not inherited in the offspring. Gamete mutations are mutations that occur in gamete cells, such as cells of the reproductive organs including sperm and ovum in humans. Because of the gamete cells, it will be passed on to offspring.

Chromosome

What are Chromosome? Chromosomes is vary widely between different organisms. The DNA molecule may be circular or linear, and can be composed of 100,000 to 10,000,000,000 nucleotides in a long chain.


In eukaryotes, nuclear chromosomes are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. This allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus. The structure of chromosomes and chromatin varies through the cell cycle. Chromosomes are the essential unit for cellular division and must be replicated, divided, and passed successfully to their daughter cells so as to ensure the genetic diversity and survival of their progeny.